What Is a Heat Pump?

A heat pump is a heating and cooling system that moves heat instead of creating it. This makes it one of the most energy-efficient ways to keep your home comfortable.

A heat pump uses a refrigeration cycle. This cycle includes a compressor, refrigerant, and two coils.

The refrigerant absorbs heat from outside
The compressor increases the temperature of that heat
The system releases the heat inside your home

Even when it feels cold outside, there is still heat in the air. A heat pump can capture that heat and move it indoors.

In the summer, the system reverses. It removes heat from your home and releases it outside—just like an air conditioner.

Types of Heat Pumps

1. Air-Source Heat Pumps

These are the most common systems used today.

How they work:
They pull heat from outdoor air using a refrigerant coil. A reversing valve allows the system to switch between heating and cooling.

Technical note:
Modern systems use inverter-driven compressors, which adjust speed instead of turning on and off. This improves efficiency and comfort.

Benefits:

Works in most climates
Provides heating and cooling in one system
Can reach efficiencies of 200–300% (Coefficient of Performance of 2–3)

Why people choose them:
They are the best balance of cost, efficiency, and ease of installation.

FAQs:

Do they work below freezing?
Sometimes. Cold climate heat pumps can work in temperatures close to freezing, but if you live in a colder climate with frequent dips below 20 deg F, a geothermal heat pump may be the best option for you - More details below.
What is “defrost mode”?
It briefly switches to cooling to remove ice from the outdoor coil.
Are they efficient?
Yes. They move heat instead of making it, which saves energy.
Can they replace my furnace?
Yes, in many homes or with a backup system.
What maintenance is needed?
Filter changes and annual service checks.

2. Ground-Source (Geothermal) Heat Pumps

These systems use the ground as a heat source. These are our FAVORITE type of heat pump as they are often seen as the most reliable, and cost effective heat pump.

How they work:
Pipes buried underground circulate fluid. This fluid absorbs heat from the earth and transfers it to the heat pump. This is known as the loopfield, and is considered a heat exchanger.

Technical note:
Ground temperatures stay around 45–60°F year-round, which makes heat transfer very efficient.

Benefits:

Extremely high efficiency (300–500%)
Stable performance in all weather
Long system lifespan
Lower operating costs over time

Why people choose them:
They are ideal for homeowners who want long-term savings and maximum efficiency.

FAQs:

What is a loop system?
It is the buried piping that moves heat to and from the ground.
Are there different loop types?
Yes—horizontal, vertical, and pond loops.
Is installation disruptive?
It can involve digging or drilling.
How long do they last?
Ground loops can last 50+ years. Typically, the loop comes with a 50 year manufacturer warranty against defects.
Do they need backup heat?
Usually not, because of stable ground temperatures.

3. Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps

These systems deliver air directly into rooms.

How they work:
An outdoor unit connects to one or more indoor units using refrigerant lines.

Technical note:
Each indoor unit has its own fan and coil, allowing for zoned heating and cooling.

Benefits:

No ductwork needed
High efficiency (often 300% or more)
Room-by-room temperature control
Reduced energy loss (no duct leakage)

Why people choose them:
They are perfect for older homes, additions, or spaces without ducts.

FAQs:

What is zoning?
Controlling temperatures in different rooms separately.
Are they efficient?
Yes, especially because they avoid duct losses.
How are they installed?
A small hole in the wall connects indoor and outdoor units.
Can one unit heat a whole house?
Sometimes, but larger homes need multiple units.
Do they require maintenance?
Yes—clean filters and periodic servicing.